Bilateral agreements form the backbone of international relations. This in-depth article explores their binding force under international law, mechanisms of enforcement, remedies for breach, arbitration options, and the legality of countermeasures and sanctions.

China’s indication that it may pursue international arbitration if its Venezuelan contracts are disrupted highlights the growing role of lawfare in modern international relations. This article examines arbitration jurisdiction, treaty protections, sovereign immunity, enforcement mechanisms, and successor government liability through a legal lens.

This article examines whether international law permits the arrest of a sitting head of state in the absence of authorization from the United Nations or an international judicial body, focusing on sovereign immunity and non-intervention.