A cyberattack can steal secrets, paralyse government systems, disrupt critical infrastructure or cause physical destruction without a single conventional weapon being fired. But when does such an operation cross the legal threshold from hostile cyber activity into a prohibited use of force or an armed attack? This ALI analysis examines the evolving international-law framework governing cyber warfare, State responsibility, attribution, sovereignty, self-defence and internation

Cyber warfare is redefining conflict in the digital age. This article explores whether existing international law—designed for conventional warfare—can adequately regulate cyber operations, state-sponsored hacking, and digital attacks on critical infrastructure

Armed drones are transforming modern warfare, but are they lawful under international humanitarian law? This comprehensive article examines distinction, proportionality, targeted killings, cross-border self-defense, accountability, and the emerging debate on autonomous weapons.