As cyber operations increasingly shape global security, international law faces unprecedented challenges. From sovereignty and use of force to state responsibility and attribution, this article critically examines whether existing legal norms can meaningfully regulate cyber warfare or whether cyberspace remains a domain beyond effective legal control.

Bilateral agreements form the backbone of international relations. This in-depth article explores their binding force under international law, mechanisms of enforcement, remedies for breach, arbitration options, and the legality of countermeasures and sanctions.